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<text id=93CT1639>
<link 90TT2360>
<link 90TT1768>
<link 90TT1628>
<title>
Canada--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
North America
Canada
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Canada's early history was dominated by rivalry between
France and Britain. In 1497, John Cabot reached Newfoundland and
claimed for Britain a large portion of the Atlantic seaboard.
Cabot was followed by the French explorer Jacques Cartier who
landed on the Gaspe Peninsula in 1534 and claimed it for France.
</p>
<p> While the British settled along the coast, the French pushed
rapidly into the interior, and for more than a century Canada
was a French colony. The flounder and settler of French Canada
was Samuel de Champlain, who founded Quebec City in 1608 and
established a number of other settlements along the Bay of Fundy
and the shores of the St. Lawrence River. Explorers, traders,
and missionaries, including Marquette. Joliet, and La Salle,
extended French influence in "New France."
</p>
<p> Following the early years of settlement, French and English
pioneers engaged in the highly competitive fur trade. Canada's
political shape began to emerge from the Battle of the Plains
of Abraham at Quebec, where the British defeated the French in
1759 and took over the French colonies in North America. The
memory of that event still has a strong emotional appeal for
French Canadians. Although New France came under British
control, it was permitted to retain its religion and civil code.
Today, by means of the Meech Lake Constitutional Accord (subject
to provincial ratification), Canada continues its quest to
develop a constitutional formula that will satisfy the
aspirations of French-speaking Quebec.
</p>
<p> During the American Revolution, French and British colonists
in Canada rebuffed the overtures of American leaders and chose
British rule over independence in association with the United
States. A U.S. raid on Quebec was unsuccessful. In the War of
1812, U.S.-British rivalry in North America again resulted in
the invasion of Canada.
</p>
<p> Several events accelerated the union of the British colonies
in Canada into a new nation.
</p>
<p> First, the political uprisings of 1837 in both English Upper
Canada and French Lower Canada led to the creation of local
governments and to greater citizen participation in government.
</p>
<p> Second, at the end of the American Civil War, it was feared
that the United States might turn against British North America.
</p>
<p> Finally, the expansion of the American West and the slower
settlement of the Canadian West encouraged the development of
a Canadian transcontinental railroad and the perception among
eastern Canadian political leaders that a Canadian federation
from the Atlantic to the Pacific had to be achieved if western
Canada was to avoid absorption by the United States.
</p>
<p> The British North America Act of 1867 created the new nation
of Canada, comprising four provinces-Ontario Quebec, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. It provided for a federal union and
for a parliamentary system of government. Six other provinces
eventually entered the confederation; the last was Newfoundland
in 1949.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> The three national parties in Canada are the Progressive
Conservatives, the Liberals, and the New Democratic Party (NDP),
a Social Democratic party formed in 1961. Since 1921, either
the Liberal or the Conservative Party has controlled the
Canadian Government. Both are broadbased parties of the center
that attempt to win support from all groups and regions of the
country. In federal elections, the Liberals had relied in the
past on strong support from Quebec. However, in the 1984 and
1988 federal elections, the Progressive Conservatives took the
large majority of seats in that province. The Conservatives
traditionally have been strong in the western provinces. Heavily
populated Ontario shifts between the two parties and often plays
a decisive role in elections.
</p>
<p> The Progressive Conservative Party won 169 seats in the House
of Commons in the November 21, 1988 election and again formed
a majority government with representation from every region in
the nation. The Liberal Party, the official opposition, won 83
seats; the NDP, 43.
</p>
<p> Quebec's status remains a serious political issue in Canada.
In 1980, the Parti Quebecois sought, through a referendum, a
mandate from the people of Quebec to negotiate a new status,
"sovereignty-association," involving political independence
with continued economic association with the rest of Canada.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
June 1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>